Claims of sex differences: an empirical assessment in genetic associations
| dc.contributor.author | Patsopoulos, N. A. | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Tatsioni, A. | en |
| dc.contributor.author | Ioannidis, J. P. | en |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2015-11-24T19:30:28Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2015-11-24T19:30:28Z | |
| dc.identifier.issn | 1538-3598 | - |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://olympias.lib.uoi.gr/jspui/handle/123456789/23102 | |
| dc.rights | Default Licence | - |
| dc.subject | *Disease | en |
| dc.subject | Female | en |
| dc.subject | Genetic Diseases, Inborn | en |
| dc.subject | *Genetic Variation | en |
| dc.subject | Genotype | en |
| dc.subject | Humans | en |
| dc.subject | Male | en |
| dc.subject | Phenotype | en |
| dc.subject | Reproducibility of Results | en |
| dc.subject | Risk Factors | en |
| dc.subject | *Sex Characteristics | en |
| dc.subject | *Sex Factors | en |
| dc.title | Claims of sex differences: an empirical assessment in genetic associations | en |
| heal.abstract | CONTEXT: Many studies try to probe for differences in risks between men and women, and this is a major challenge in the expanding literature of associations between genetic variants and common diseases or traits. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether prominently claimed sex differences for genetic effects have sufficient internal and external validity. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed through July 6, 2007, for genetic association studies claiming sex-related differences in the articles' titles. Titles and abstracts and, if necessary, the full text of the article were assessed for eligibility. STUDY SELECTION: Two hundred fifteen articles were retrieved by the search. We considered eligible all retrieved association studies that claimed different genetic effects across sexes of 1 or more gene variants for any human disease or phenotype. We considered both biallelic and multiallelic markers (including haplotypes) and both binary and continuous phenotypes and traits. We excluded non-English-language studies; studies evaluating only 1 sex; studies in which sex was treated only as an independent predictor of disease; studies that did not address any association of the investigated genetic variant with a disease or trait; studies not involving humans; and studies in which the authors did not claim any sex difference. DATA EXTRACTION: Two evaluators independently extracted data with a third evaluator arbitrating their discrepancies. Data evaluation included whether analyses were stated to have been specified a priori; whether sex effects were evaluated in the whole study or subgroups thereof; and whether the claims were appropriately documented, insufficiently documented, or spurious. For appropriately and insufficiently documented claims we performed the calculations for gene-sex interaction whenever raw data were available. Finally, we compared the sex-difference claims with the best internal validity against the results of other studies addressing the same interaction. RESULTS: We appraised 432 sex-difference claims in 77 eligible articles. Authors stated that sex comparisons were decided a priori for 286 claims (66.2%), while the entire sample size was used in 210 (48.6%) claims. Appropriate documentation of gene-sex interaction was recorded in 55 claims (12.7%); documentation was insufficient for 303 claims and spurious for the other 74. Data for reanalysis of claims were available for 188 comparisons. Of these, 83 (44.1%) were nominally statistically significant at a P = .05 threshold, and more than half of them (n = 44) had modest P values between .01 and .05. Of 60 claims with seemingly the best internal validity, only 1 was consistently replicated in at least 2 other studies. CONCLUSION: In this sample of highly prominent claims of sex-related differences in genetic associations, most claims were insufficiently documented or spurious, and claims with documented good internal and external validity were uncommon. | en |
| heal.access | campus | - |
| heal.fullTextAvailability | TRUE | - |
| heal.identifier.primary | 10.1001/jama.298.8.880 | - |
| heal.identifier.secondary | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712072 | - |
| heal.identifier.secondary | http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/298/8/880.full.pdf | - |
| heal.journalName | JAMA | en |
| heal.journalType | peer-reviewed | - |
| heal.language | en | - |
| heal.publicationDate | 2007 | - |
| heal.recordProvider | Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων. Σχολή Επιστημών Υγείας. Τμήμα Ιατρικής | el |
| heal.type | journalArticle | - |
| heal.type.el | Άρθρο Περιοδικού | el |
| heal.type.en | Journal article | en |
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